本日配信のメルマガでは、2022年大学入試共通テスト追試英語第６問Ａの内容を掲載します。
【高校英語】共通テストの英文解釈
http://www.mag2.com/m/0001641009.html■ 問題
第６問
Ａ Your study group is learning about "false memories." One group member
has made partial notes. Read this article to complete the notes for your
next study meeting.
[False Memories]
What are memories? Most people imagine them to be something like video
recordings of events in our minds. Whether it is a memory of love that we
treasure or something more like failure that we fear, most of us believe
our memories are a permanent record of what happened. We may agree that
they get harder to recall as time goes on, but we think we remember the
truth. Psychologists now tell us that this is not the case. Our memories
can change or even be changed. They can move anywhere from slightly
incorrect to absolutely false! According to well-known researcher Elizabeth
Loftus, rather than being a complete, correct, unchanging recording,
"Memory works a little bit more like a Wikipedia page." Anyone, including
the original author, can edit the information.
Serious research investigating "false memories" is relatively new. Scholars
Hyman and Billings worked with a group of college students. For this
experiment, first, the students' parents sent stories about some eventful
episodes from their child's youth to the interviewers. Using this family
information, they interviewed each student twice. They mentioned some
actual experiences from the person's childhood; but, for their experiment,
they added a made-up story about an eventful wedding, encouraging the
student to believe the fake wedding had really happened. The following two
sections contain actual conversations from the interviews of one student.
Missing words are indicated by "..."; author's comments by "( )."
Interviewer: I Student: S
First Interview
I: ...looks like an eventful wedding...you were five years old...playing
with some other kids...
(The interviewer, referring to the false event as if the information came
from the student's parent, goes on to say that while playing with friends
the student caused an accident and the bride's parents got all wet.)
S: I don't remember...that's pretty funny...
I: ...seems that would be kind of eventful...
S: ...a wedding. I wonder whose wedding...a wedding reception? I can
totally see myself like running around with other kids...
I: You could see yourself doing that?
S: ...bumping into a table? Oh yeah, I would do that...maybe not a
wedding...like a big picnic...
(The student is starting to believe that bumping into the table sounds
familiar. As they finish, the student is asked to think over the
conversation they had before the next session.)
Second Interview
(The interviewer has just asked about some real events from the student's
childhood and once again returns to the wedding discussed in the previous
session.)
I: The next one I have is an eventful wedding reception at age five.
S: Yeah, I thought about this one...
(The student goes on to describe the people he got wet.)
S: ...I picture him having a dark suit on...tall and big...square face...
I see her in a light-colored dress...
(The student has new images in mind and can tell this story as if it were
an actual memory.)
S: ...near a tree...drinks on the table...I bumped the glasses or
something...
(This student then provides more information on the couple's clothing.)
The students participating in this experiment came to believe that the
false experiences the interviewers planted were absolutely true. By the
second interview some students thought everything previously discussed was
based on information from their parents about real events. This suggests
that, when talking about memories, word choice makes a big difference in
responses. Certain words lead us to recall a situation differently. Because
the interviewer mentioned an "eventful" wedding several times, the student
started having a false memory of this wedding.
Since the time of Sinmund Freud, called "the father of modern psychology,"
mental therapy has asked people to think back to their childhood to
understand their problems. In the late 20th century, people believed that
recalling old memories was a good way to heal the mind, so there were
exercises and interviewing techniques encouraging patients to imagine
various old family situations. Now, we realize that such activities may
lead to false memories because our memories are affected by many factors.
It is not just what we remember, but when we remember, where we are when we
remember, who is asking, and how they are asking. We may, therefore,
believe something that comes from our imagination is actually true. Perhaps
experts should start researching whether there is such a thing as "true
memories."
Summary notes:
[FALSE MEMORIES]
[Introduction]
When she says "Memory works a little bit more like a Wikipedia page,"
Elizabeth Loftus mean that memories [ 39 ].
[Research by Hyman & Billings]
The first interview indicates that the student [ 40 ].
The results of their study suggest that [ 41 ] and [ 42 ].
Conclusions
People believe that memory is something exact, but our memories are
affected by many things. While focusing on old events was a technique
adapted to heal our minds, we must consider that [ 43 ].
問１ Choose the best option to complete statement [ 39 ].
{1} are an account of one's true experiences
{2} can be modified by oneself or others
{3} may get harder to remember as time goes by
{4} should be shared with others freely
問２ Choose the best option to complete statement [ 40 ].
{1} described all the wedding details to the interviewer
{2} knew about an accident at a wedding from childhood
{3} was asked to create a false story about a wedding
{4} was unsure about something the interviewer said
問３ Choose the two best statements for [ 41 ] and [ 42 ]. (The order does not matter.)
{1} false events could be easily in young children's memories
{2} our confidence levels must be related to the truthfulness of our memories
{3} people sometimes appear to recall things that never happened to them
{4} planting false memories is frequently criticized by researchers
{5} the phrases used to ask about memories affect the person's response
{6} when a child experiences an eventful situation, it forms stable memories
問４ Choose the best option for [ 43 ] to complete [Conclusions].
{1} asking about our memories will help us remember more clearly
{2} the technique focuses on who, what, when, where and how
{3} this mental therapy approach may be less helpful than we thought
{4} we have to work on our ability to remember events more precisely
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■ スラッシュリーディング
Ａ Your study group / is learning / about "false memories."
あなたの学習グループは / 学んでいる / 「虚偽記憶」について
One group member / has made / partial notes.
あるグループメンバーは / 作った / 部分的なメモを
Read this article / to complete the notes / for your next study meeting.
この記事を読みなさい / メモを完成するため / 次の学習ミーティングのために
[False Memories]
[虚偽記憶]
What are memories?
記憶とは何ですか？
Most people imagine them / to be something / like video recordings
/ of events / in our minds.
ほとんどの人々はそれらを想像する / 何かであると / 録画したビデオのような
/ 出来事の / 私たちの頭の中の
Whether / it is a memory / of love / that we treasure / or something more
/ like failure / that we fear, / most of us believe
/ our memories are / a permanent record / of what happened.
～かどうか / それは記憶だ / 愛の / 私たちが宝とする / またはそれ以上の何か
/ 失敗のような / 私たちが恐れる / 私たちのほとんどは信じる
/ 私たちの記憶は～だ / 永続的な記録 / 起こった事柄の
(以下略)
(有料版では、解説の続きも掲載しています)
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【高校英語】共通テストの英文解釈
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