本日配信のメルマガでは、2023年大学入試共通テスト追試英語第６問Ｂの最後までの内容を掲載します。
【高校英語】共通テストの英文解釈
http://www.mag2.com/m/0001641009.html■ 問題
2023年大学入試共通テスト追試より
第６問Ｂ
You are preparing a poster for an in-school presentation on a scientific
discovery, using the following article.
As you are reading this, you probably have a pencil in your hand. In the
center of every pencil is something called "lead." This dark gray material
is not actually lead (Pb), but a different substance, graphite. Graphite
has been a major area of research for many years. It is made up of thin
layers of carbon that can be easily separated. Indeed, it is this ease of
separation that enables the pencil to write. As the pencil rubs against the
paper, thin layers of carbon are pulled off the pencil lead and left on the
paper as lines or writing.
In 2004, two scientists, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, were
investigating graphite at the University of Manchester, in the UK. They
were trying to see if they could obtain a very thin slice of graphite to
study. Their goal was to get a slice of carbon which was between 10 and 100
layers thick. Even though their university laboratory had the latest
scientific equipment, they made their incredible breakthrough － for what
was later to become a Nobel Prize-winning discovery － with only a cheap
roll of sticky tape.
In a BBC News interview, Professor Geim described their technique. He said
that the first step was to put sticky tape on a piece of graphite. Then,
when the tape is pulled off, a flake of graphite will come off on the tape.
Next, fold the tape in half, sticking the flake onto the other side of the
tape. Then pull the tape apart to split the flake. You now have two flakes,
roughly half as thick as before. Fold the tape together once more in a
slightly different position to avoid having the flakes touch each other.
Pull it apart again, and you will now have four thinner flakes than before.
Repeat this procedure 10 or 20 times, and you're left with many very thin
flakes attached to your tape. Finally, you dissolve the tape using chemicals
so everything goes into a solution.
Geim and Novoselov then looked at the solution, and were surprised to see
that the thin flakes were flat and not rolled up ―― and even more
surprised that the flakes were as thin as only 10 layers of graphite. As
graphite conducts electricity, it was only a matter of weeks before they
were studying whether these thin sheets could be used in computer chips. By
2005, they had succeeded in separating a single layer of graphite. As this
does not exist naturally, this new material was given a new name: graphene.
Graphene is only one atom thick, and perhaps the thinnest material in the
universe. It is one of the few two-dimensional (2D) materials known, and
forms a six-sided, honeycomb-patterned structure. In addition, it is
possibly the lightest and strongest substance known on earth. It is also
excellent at carrying electricity. In fact, at laboratory temperatures
(20-25°C), graphene conducts electricity faster than any known substance.
This has led to manufacturers investing in further research because
graphene-based batteries could last three times longer and be charged five
times faster than lithium-ion batteries.
Graphene has been called a super-material because of its amazing properties.
It is 1,000 times lighter than paper and close to being totally transparent.
It allows 98% of light to pass through it while at the same time it is so
dense that even one molecule of helium gas cannot pass through it. It can
also convert light into electricity. It is 200 times stronger than steel by
weight: So strong in fact, that if you could make a 1 m2 sheet of graphene,
it would weigh less than a human hair and be strong enough to hold the
weight of a cat. Quite simply, this material found in pencil lead has the
potential to revolutionize the development of computer chips, rechargeable
batteries, and strong, light-weight materials.
Your presentation poster draft:
Graphene
Basic information [ 44 ]
Graphene…
A. is a 2D material.
B. is a separated layer of graphite.
C. is an extremely thin sheet of metal.
D. is not a naturally occurring substance.
E. looks like a sheet of wire mesh.
F. was isolated without advanced equipment.
How Geim and Novoselov separated graphite (5 steps)
Step 1. Press sticky tape on graphite and remove.
Step 2.
Step 3. [ 45 ]
Step 4.
Step 5. Dissolve tape in a chemical solution and collect the flakes.
The properties of graphene
[ 46 ]
[ 47 ]
Future use
[ 48 ]
問１ You are checking your poster. You spotted an error in the basic
information section. Which of the following should you remove? [ 44 ]
{1} A
{2} B
{3} C
{4} D
{5} E
{6} F
問２ You are going to summarize the five-step process used to separate
layers of graphite. Choose the best combination of steps to complete the
process. [ 45 ]
A. Do this process over and over again.
B. Fold tape in two again so another part of the tape touches the graphite.
C. Fold tape in two and pull it apart.
D. Place tape on the thinner flakes and press down.
E. Pull a flake of graphite off some sticky tape.
{1} C → B → A
{2} C → E → D
{3} D → C → B
{4} D → E → A
{5} E → C → A
{6} E → C → D
問３ From the list below, select the two which best describe graphene's
properties. (The order does not matter.) [ 46 ]・[ 47 ]
{1} At average room temperature, it is the world's most efficient material
for carrying electricity.
{2} Gram for gram, graphene is stronger and more resistant to electricity.
{3} Graphene weighs slightly more than graphite per cm2.
{4} It allows almost all light to pass through its structure.
{5} Its six-sided honeycomb structure allows gas particles to pass from one
side to another.
問４ From this passage, which of the following might graphene be used for
in the future? [ 48 ]
{1} A material for filtering small gas molecules from large ones
{2} Developing light-sensitive chips
{3} Electricity resistant materials
{4} Increasing the weight and strength of batteries.
問５ From this passage, we can infer that the writer [ 49 ].
{1} believed that many great Nobel Prize-winning discoveries have been made
with low-cost equipment
{2} knew about the potential of graphene to reduce the production costs and
recharging times of rechargeable batteries
{3} was impressed by the fact that graphene and all its properties had lain
hidden in every pencil mark until being revealed by Geim and Novoselov
{4} was surprised at how long it took for Geim and Novoselov to realize the
potential of using thin sheets of graphene in computer chips
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■ スラッシュリーディング
You are preparing a poster / for an in-school presentation
/ on a scientific discovery, / using the following article.
あなたはポスターを準備している / ある学校の発表のために
/ 科学的な発見についての / 次の記事を使って
As you are reading this, / you probably have a pencil / in your hand.
あなたはこれを読んでいるので / あなたはたぶん鉛筆を持っている / 手の中に
In the center of every pencil / is something / called "lead."
(以下略)
(有料版では、解説の続きも掲載しています)
http://www.mag2.com/m/0001641009.html━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
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