本日配信のメルマガでは、2023年大学入試共通テスト英語第６問Ｂを解説します。
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【高校英語】共通テストの英文解釈
http://www.mag2.com/m/0001641009.html■ 問題
2023年大学入試共通テストより
第６問
Ｂ You are in a student group preparing for an international science
presentation contest. You are using the following passage to create your
part of the presentation on extraordinary creatures.
Ask someone to name the world's toughest animal, and they might say the
Bactrian camel as it can survive in temperatures as high as 50℃, or the
Arctic fox which can survive in temperatures lower than -58℃. However,
both answers would be wrong as it is widely believed that the tardigrade
is the toughest creature on earth.
Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are microscopic creatures, which
are between 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm in length. They live almost everywhere, from
6,000-meter-high mountains to 4,699 meters below the ocean's surface. They
can even be found under thick ice and in hot springs. Most live in water,
but some tardigrades can be found in some of the driest places on earth.
One researcher reported finding tardigrades living under rocks in a desert
without any recorded rainfall for 25 years. All they need are a few drops
or a thin layer of water to live in. When the water dries up, so do they.
They lose all but three percent of they body's water and their metabolism
slows down to 0.01% of its normal speed. The dried-out tardigrade is now in
a state called "tun," a kind of deep sleep. It will continue in this state
until it is once again soaked in water. Then, like a sponge, it absorbs the
water and springs back to life again as if nothing had happened. Whether
the tardigrade is in tun for 1 or 10 years does not really matter. The
moment it is surrounded by water, it comes alive again. When tardigrades
are in a state of tun, they are so tough that they can survive in
temperatures as low as -272℃ and as high as 151℃. Exactly how they
achieve this is still not fully understood.
Perhaps even more amazing than their ability to survive on earth――they
have been on earth for some 540 million years――is their ability to
survive in space. In 2007, a team of European researchers sent a number of
living tardigrades into space on the outside of a rocket for 10 days. On
their return to earth, the researchers were surprised to see that 68% were
still alive. This means that for 10 days most were able to survive X-rays
and ultraviolet radiation 1,000 times more intense than here on earth.
Later, in 2019, an Israeli spacecraft crashed onto the moon and thousands
of tardigrades in a state of tun were spilled onto its surface. Whether
these are still alive or not is unknown as no one has gone to collect
them――which is a pity.
Tardigrades are shaped like a short cucumber. They have four short legs
on each side of their bodies. Some species have sticky pads at the end of
each leg, while others have claws. There are 16 known claw variations,
which help identify those species with claws. All tardigrades have a place
for eyes, but not all species have eyes. Their eyes are primitive, only
having five cells in total――just one of which is light sensitive.
Basically, tardigrades can be divided into those that eat plant matter,
and those that eat other creatures. Those that eat vegetation have a ventral
mouth――a mouth located in the lower part of the head, like a shark. The
type that eats other creatures has a terminal mouth, which means the mouth
is at the very front of the head, like a tuna. The mouths of tardigrades do
not have teeth. They do, however, have two sharp needles, called stylets,
that they use two piece plant cells or the bodies of smaller creatures so
the contents can be sucked out.
Both types of tardigrade have rather simple digestive systems. The mouth
leads to the pharynx (throat), where digestive juices and food are mixed.
Located above the pharynx is a salivary gland. This produces the juices
that flow into the mouth and help with digestion. After the pharynx, there
is a tube which transports food toward the gut. This tube is called the
esophagus. The middle gut, a simple stomach/intestine type of organ,
digests the food and absorbs the nutrients. The leftovers then eventually
move through to the anus.
Your presentation slides:
┌―――――――――――――――――┐┌―――――――――――――――――┐
｜ ｜｜ [1. Basic Information] ｜
｜ ｜｜・0.1 mm to 1.5 mm in length ｜
｜ [Tardigrades:] ｜｜・shaped like a sort cucumber ｜
｜ [Earth's Ultimate Survivors] ｜｜・ ｜
｜ ｜｜・[ 44 ] ｜
｜ ｜｜・ ｜
└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘
┌―――――――――――――――――┐┌―――――――――――――――――┐
｜ [2. Habitats] ｜｜ [3. Secrets to Survival] ｜
｜・live almost everywhere ｜｜ ｜
｜・extreme environments such as... ｜｜ "tun" ←→ active ｜
｜ レ 6km above sea level ｜｜ ｜
｜ レ 4.6km below sea level ｜｜・[ 45 ] ｜
｜ レ in deserts ｜｜・[ 46 ] ｜
｜ レ -272℃ to 151℃ ｜｜ ｜
｜ レ in space(possibly) ｜｜ ｜
└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘
┌―――――――――――――――――┐┌―――――――――――――――――┐
｜ [4. Digestive Systems] [ 47 ] ｜｜ [5. Final Statement] ｜
｜ ｜｜ [ 48 ] ｜
｜ クマムシのイラスト ｜｜ ｜
└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘
クマムシのイラストはこちら→
http://www.a-ema.com/img/center2023eng6b.png問１ Which of the following should you [not] include for [ 44 ]?
{1} eight short legs
{2} either blind or sighted
{3} plant-eating or creature-eating
{4} sixteen different types of feet
{5} two stylets rather than teeth
問２ For the [Secrets to Survival] slide, select two features of the
tardigrade which best help it survive. (The order does not matter.)
[ 45 ]・[ 46 ]
{1} In dry conditions, their metabolism drops to less than one percent of
normal.
{2} Tardigrades in a state of tun are able to survive in temperatures
exceeding 151℃.
{3} The state of tun will cease when the water in a tardigrade's body is
above 0.01%.
{4} Their shark-like mouth allow them to more easily eat other creatures.
{5} They have an ability to withstand extreme levels of radiation.
問３ Complete the missing labels on the illustration of a tardigrade for
the [Digestive Systems] slide. [ 47 ]
{1} (A) Esophagus (B) Pharynx (C) Middle gut
(D) Stylets (E) Salivary gland
{2} (A) Pharynx (B) Stylets (C) Salivary gland
(D) Esophagus (E) Middle gut
{3} (A) Salivary gland (B) Esophagus (C) Middle gut
(D) Stylets (E) Pharynx
{4} (A) Salivary gland (B) Middle gut (C) Stylets
(D) Esophagus (E) Pharynx
{5} (A) Stylets (B) Salivary gland (C) Pharynx
(D) Middle gut (E) Esophagus
問４ Which is the best statement for the final slide? [ 48 ]
{1} For thousands of years, tardigrade have survived some of the harshest
conditions on earth and in space. They will live longer than humankind.
{2} Tardigrades are from space and can live in temperatures exceeding the
limits of the Arctic fox and Bactrian camel, so they are surely stronger
than human beings.
{3} Tardigrades are, without a doubt, the toughest creatures on earth. They
can survive on the top of mountains; at the bottom of the sea; in the
waters of hot springs; and they can also thrive on the moon.
{4} Tardigrades have survived some of the harshest conditions on earth, and
at least one trip into space. This remarkable creature might outlive the
human species.
問５ What can be inferred about sending tardigrades into space? [ 49 ]
{1] Finding out whether the tardigrades can survive in space was never
thought to be important.
{2} Tardigrades, along with other creatures that have been on earth for
millions of years, can withstand X-rays and ultraviolet radiation.
{3} The Israeli researchers did not expect so many tardigrades to survive
the harsh environment of space.
{4} The reason why no one has been to see if tardigrades can survive on the
moon's surface attracted the author's attention.
※一部記号は省略、マーク部分の□や下線部は[ ]、マル１は{1}で表記しています。
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■ 問いの内容と解説
問１ Which of the following / should you [not] include / for [ 44 ]?
次のうちどれを / あなたは含むべきでないですか？ / [ 44 ]に
{1} eight short legs ８本の短い足
{2} either blind or sighted 盲目か目が見えるかのどちらか
{3} plant-eating or creature-eating 草食か肉食か
{4} sixteen different types of feet 16の異なる種類の足
{5} two stylets rather than teeth 歯よりも２つのスタイレット
┌―――――――――――――――――┐
｜ [1. Basic Information] ｜
｜・0.1 mm to 1.5 mm in length ｜
｜・shaped like a sort cucumber ｜
｜・ ｜
｜・[ 44 ] ｜
｜・ ｜
└─────────────────┘
このスライドの空欄に入れるのに適していない選択肢を選ぶ問題です。
クマムシについての基本的な情報をまとめたスライドです。
They have four short legs / on each side / of their bodies.
彼らは４本の短い足を持っている / それぞれの側に / 彼らの体の
この記述から１番は正しいことがわかります。
All tardigrades have / a place for eyes, / but
/ not all species have eyes.
全てのクマムシは持つ / 目のための場所を / しかし
/ 全ての種が目を持つわけではない
「目の場所があるけど、目があるやつとないやつがいる」という内容なので…
(以下略)
(有料版では、解説の続きも掲載しています)
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