2024年11月04日

本日配信のメルマガ。2024年共通テスト追試英語第6問A 最後まで

本日配信のメルマガでは、2024年大学入学共通テスト追試英語第6問Aの最後までの内容を掲載します。


【高校英語】共通テストの英文解釈
http://www.mag2.com/m/0001641009.html


■ 問題

2024年大学入学共通テスト追試より

第6問

A Your English teacher has assigned this article to you. You need to
prepare notes to give a short talk.

  [Belief Perseverance]

 There may be some out-of-date rules at your school. If you ask your
teachers to update these rules, your ideas may be rejected. Of course, most
of their objections will be reasonable, but some may be caused by [belief
perseverance], the psychological characteristic of maintaining an existing
belief despite any new information. Although this tendency itself is
neither good nor bad, it may cause conflicts ranging from personal problems
to social phenomena.

A study published in 1980 by Craig A. Anderson and his colleagues describes
this human tendency. In the first stage of their experiment, the
participants were presented with evidence that led them to conclude that
firefighters who were willing to take risks performed their jobs better.
Surprisingly, even after the participants were told that the evidence was
false, they were reluctant to change their conclusions. Why is it difficult
to change our beliefs? This is partly because we have [confirmation bias],
a psychological tendency to look for information consistent with our
existing beliefs. Also, in some cases, the more others attempt to prove our
beliefs wrong, the more firmly we stick to them, which called the [backfire
effect].

 The case of Ignaz Philip Semmelweis demonstrates belief perseverance in
one group in society. He was a 19th-century physician who wondered why more
women died from a fever after giving birth in one place than in another.
His data apparently indicated that hand washing could reduce the number of
occurrences of the deadly fever. However, at that time, handwashing was not
common among doctors. His potentially life-saving idea was ignored by the
medical community, and many doctors rejected it and even harassed him.
Semmelweis' claim was eventually accepted long after his death. This
episode demonstrates how a group of people with belief perseverance can
become aggressive towards innovators and ground-breaking idea. This social
reaction was named the [Semmelweis reflex] after this incident.

 Understanding belief perseverance can give us insights into the ways
people behave. Imagine that you want to study abroad, and your family
strongly opposes it because they believe that the city you plan to live in
is dangerous. Even after showing them data on the city's crime rate, you
may find out that your efforts end up only adding fuel to the fire. If you
encounter this backfire effect, an alternative approach might be needed.
You could ask your teacher to speak with your family on your behalf, taking
advantage of a related behavior that people tend to trust the opinions of
an authority.

 If someone presents you with hard-to-believe information, be careful not
to reject it immediately. If your internal voice warns you not to act on
that information, it is time to remind yourself of belief perseverance. To
be stubborn may not be good for you. However, in many cases, the
persistence of existing beliefs is desirable or even necessary these days.
Remember that the Internet conveys not only accurate but also unreliable
information. Belief perseverance can also protect you from potentially
false information. In other words, take time to find out more before
accepting new information. After all, we humans have developed belief
perseverance over time to ensure our survival. Understanding human nature
is one of the keys to keeping your life balanced.


Your notes:

  [Belief Perseverance (BP)]

[BP:]
・is a tendency to maintain an existing belief despite any new information.
・can be [ 39 ].

[Outline by paragraph]
  1. Introduction to BP
  2. Experiment and explanation
  3. [ 40 ]
  4. [ 41 ]
  5. Final remarks

[Stories mentioned in the article]
・The firefighters story shows us that [ 42 ].
・The Semmelweis story tells us that even a truly innovative idea with
sufficient evidence can be initially rejected.

[Practical lessons from the article]
Learning about the nature of human psychology helps us to [ 43 ].


問1 Choose the best option for [ 39 ].
{1} a barrier which stops people from expressing their opinions
{2} a cause of positive or negative outcomes for anyone
{3} a major disadvantage for people who are easily convinced
{4} an obstacle preventing us from keeping our beliefs strong

問2 Choose the best options for [ 40 ] and [ 41 ].
{1} A story of a doctor who rejected handwashing
{2} An example of the social consequences of BP
{3} An example showing the difficulty of understanding others
{4} Application of BP knowledge when convincing others
{5} Strategies for effectively countering new information
{6} Tendency to search for advice from specialists

問3 Choose the best option for [ 42 ].
{1} BP appears to have an influence on anyone, even in situations one
wouldn't expect
{2} confirmation bias is found when people want to believe new information
{3} the backfire effect often happens when a stubborn person's opinion is
rejected
{4} the Semmelweis reflex is often observed in occupations where risks are
common

問4 Choose the best option for [ 43 ].
{1} analyze historical discoveries from a scientific point of view
{2} make reasonable decisions when dealing with new information
{3} recognize immediately whether given information is true or not
{4} understand when it is appropriate or necessary to take risks


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■ スラッシュリーディング

A Your English teacher has assigned this article / to you.
あなたの英語の先生はこの記事を課題に出した / あなたに

You need to prepare notes / to give a short talk.
あなたはメモを用意する必要がある / 短い話をするために


  [Belief Perseverance][信念の持続]

 There may be some out-of-date rules / at your school.
いくつかの時代遅れのルールがあるかも知れない / あなたの学校で

If you ask your teachers / to update these rules,
/ your ideas may be rejected.


(以下略)


(有料版では、解説の続きも掲載しています)
 http://www.mag2.com/m/0001641009.html

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解説の続きは、本日21時配信予定の

【高校英語】共通テストの英文解釈
 http://www.mag2.com/m/0001641009.html

に掲載します!
全て長文問題になった大学入学共通テスト。今まで以上に読解力が求められます。
翻訳も行っている著者が、スラッシュリーディング、全文訳とともに解説します。
月・水・土配信。\550/月。初月無料です。

※追試はスラッシュリーディングのみの掲載とします。


ブログにもメルマガの記事を分割して掲載しています。

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------------------------------------------------------------------------
          発行者 江間淳(EMA Atsushi)
 mm@a-ema.com http://www.a-ema.com/k/ https://twitter.com/A_EMA_RYU
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        無断転載・引用を禁じます。

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ラベル:英語
posted by えま at 17:00| Comment(0) | TrackBack(0) | メルマガ | このブログの読者になる | 更新情報をチェックする

中学公民「日本国憲法」第八章 記述問題

中学公民「日本国憲法」第八章 記述問題

中学公民の範囲で、なるべく覚えておきたい憲法の条文を記述問題としました。
この空欄が自力で埋められるようになれば、中学レベルとしてはほぼ完璧です。

この記事では、「第八章 地方自治」を掲載します。


第八章 地方自治

〔地方自治の本旨の確保〕
第九十二条 地方公共団体の組織及び運営に関する事項は、[ ]、法律でこれを定める。


憲法の条文に関する問いでは、正確に条文に書いてある通りの言葉で答える必要があります。
何度も読み返して、正確な語句を理解して覚えていきましょう!


解答はこちら


◆関連項目
第七章、第八章の穴埋め問題
中学で覚えておきたい日本国憲法の条文まとめ

日本国憲法全文を確認したい人はこちらへ


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 20年以上の実績。全学年、英・数・理をはじめ全教科対応
  最高級の指導を提供します!メール添削も好評です!

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posted by えま at 08:00| Comment(0) | TrackBack(0) | 中学社会 | このブログの読者になる | 更新情報をチェックする
こんなヤツです
名前:江間淳
年齢:41
職業:プロ家庭教師、AE個別学習室(えまじゅく)代表、翻訳者
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メールアドレス:j@a-ema.com
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